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On his first day in office, Donald Trump launched his second term with . Unsurprisingly, many could have a major impact on Mexico, which shares a with the US and more than 200 years of and .

Yet, this deep interdependence has not stopped Trump from making Mexico of his divisive political rhetoric.

He entered the public arena in 2015 by as dangerous “rapists” and criminals who were “bringing drugs” into the US. He also vowed to build “” along the border – one he claimed Mexico – to stop undocumented immigrants.

During his second presidential campaign, Trump doubled down on his anti-Mexico rhetoric and agenda. He threatened of undocumented migrants residing in the US, of over 200% on Mexican vehicle imports and to attack drug cartels.

Trump’s executive orders are now putting these threats into action. Among the most concerning:

• directing the military to prioritise

• reinstating the “” policy, which would require asylum seekers to stay in Mexico while their claims are assessed

• starting the process to , and

• enacting new .

Though largely symbolic, the order to as the “Gulf of America” further strains bilateral relations.

Given this focus, Trump’s long shadow will loom over ’s own time in office. She will have to navigate his hostility while tackling domestic challenges, including a and .

She has responded to Trump’s actions with :

We have to avoid confrontations […] At the same time, we have to behave as equals, never subordinate. Defend our sovereignty, our independence and defend Mexicans.

A heavily securitised border

Trump’s declaration of a national emergency allows him to deploy the military to the border and continue building a border wall without Congressional approval. He could also enact measures to expand detention facilities, transportation (including aircraft) and other logistical support for law enforcement.

Illegal border crossings actually in 2024. This was, in part, due to steps Mexican authorities have taken to attempting to reach the US.

Mexican authorities detaining over 475,000 migrants in the last quarter of 2024 — nearly 68% more than in the same period a year earlier.

Despite these efforts – which have drawn criticism for – Trump has labelled migrant crossings an “.”

This belligerent rhetoric is dangerous, as an implies military aggression.

Indeed, Trump’s executive order authorises the deployment of US troops on the border, though details are thin. He could seek the assistance of the National Guard, . US law, however, on domestic soil.

In any case, Mexico serves as a stark example of why using the military for law enforcement is unwise. shows that military involvement fails to encourage lawful behaviour and instead fuels and .

Prospects for unilateral military action

Trump has also initiated the process to – an action Mexico has long opposed.

Combined with his for the US secretary of defence to halt “the unimpeded flow of opiates” across the Mexico-US border, this could ultimately lead to US military action against organised crime in Mexico.

Sheinbaum by reaffirming Mexico’s sovereignty. She noted that while the US can act within its territory, Mexico remains an independent state.

In a letter to Trump last November, she highlighted that in 2024, Mexican law enforcement 10,340 weapons and arrested 15,640 people for drug-related violence. She also correctly pointed out that Mexico , nor has a linked to synthetic drugs like fentanyl.

Yet, she that Mexicans “bear the brunt of the deaths caused by crime” driven by the demand for drugs north of the border.

Any unilateral US military action inside Mexico could seriously imperil relations between the two neighbours.

The last time the US seriously was in 1927, when Mexico enacted petroleum and land laws that affected American interests. Since then, the relationship has had its ups and downs, but has never involved military force.

And these kinds of threats could have ripple effects across Latin America. As former Colombian President Ernesto Samper has warned, an intervention in Mexico could spark a “” of anti-American sentiment throughout the region.

Tariffs will hurt both sides

In addition, Trump has vowed to on Mexico and Canada starting on February 1.

Such tariffs, however, could not be implemented without also hurting US industries.

Mexico overtook China as the US’s , with bilateral trade reaching US$807 billion (A$1.2 trillion). Mexico’s economy relies heavily on trade, with destined for the US.

In return, in the US totalled US$33.8 billion (A$54 billion) in 2022 – an impressive 21.5% increase over the previous year.

The Mexican and US economies are tightly intertwined. If Trump imposes tariffs on Mexican beer, for example, he from Idaho, Montana and North Dakota that’s used to make the beer.

Sheinbaum has that tariffs are not just unacceptable under the – they will also result in “inflation and job losses” across both the US and Mexico.

A relationship on the rocks?

Sheinbaum has advised Mexicans to “”.

But as Trump continues to exert pressure on Mexico, it will become increasingly difficult for her to convince the Mexican public of the benefits of maintaining a cooperative relationship with the US.

The potential deterioration of relations between Mexico and the US could signal a new era in which brute force, paradoxically, will diminish American influence in the international community.

, Senior Lecturer in Human Rights, Constitutional Law and Legal Theory,

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