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 In March 2022, the federal government declared the northern NSW and southern Queensland floods a before launching Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel to help with evacuations and clean-up.

The floods, which have so far killed 23 people and destroyed thousands of homes, are the worst Australia has seen  with the northern NSW town of Lismore evacuated twice in one month.

But what happens after the water and media coverage subsides? The environmental, economic and psychological effects of natural disasters could last years, according to UOW experts. 

The tip of the iceberg

Events such as these are only going to become more frequent and more catastrophic, according to UOW honorary senior fellow and climate change researcher

鈥淧eople call these 鈥榦nce-in-a-hundred-year events鈥� because in any given year, there is a one percent chance you鈥檒l get an event at this magnitude or larger. That doesn鈥檛 mean they are uniformly spaced out. What we know about climate change is that the probability of these events is going to increase, so they are going to be more likely,鈥� he explains. 

Dr George Takacs

Recent data has shown in the Arctic and Antarctic. Dr Takacs says the rapid heating of the poles, faster than the rate of the equator, can contribute to natural disasters we have seen in recent years. 

鈥淲hat creates, but also disrupts, our large-scale weather systems is the difference in temperature between the equator and the poles. As that temperature difference decreases, these systems may become more persistent. So long as dry spells and heatwaves will become more frequent, which is going to predispose us to bushfires, but also long, wet spells become more persistent and they're going to predispose us to floods and landslides.鈥�

Not only will these disasters become more common, Dr Takacs says the geographic extent of such events continues to grow. 

鈥淭丑e areas that were affected in the [Black Summer] bushfires in Australia, that was unprecedented. Likewise in these floods 鈥� normally if it was flooding on the south coast in Moruya, it wouldn鈥檛 be flooding in places like Bellingen or the Lockyer Valley in Queensland at the same time. The worry is that emergency services have to respond to a large number of places, but there isn鈥檛 the capacity,鈥� he says. 

The ongoing cost of natural disasters

More than 107,000 insurance claims have been lodged in response to the 2022 floods, totalling an While thousands of homes and businesses have been destroyed, wild weather has continued to interrupt supply chains, with supermarket in affected areas. 

 is a lecturer in supply chain management in the UOW Faculty of Business and Law. He says while economies are resilient, we may have to rethink our economy to prepare for future disasters. 

鈥淚f we don't design our supply chains to accommodate risk quite quickly, we will have to keep starting over again, with sites wiped clean every time there's a disaster,鈥� he says.  

鈥淭丑ink back to a few years ago to the cyclones in Queensland and how that affected bananas. You鈥檙e wiping out supply, which drives up the prices. You also have to think about the movement of everyday goods. Supermarkets must start thinking about new storage strategies to minimise risk. Do they have containers of food and dry goods stored in close proximity?鈥�

Associate Professor Matthew Pepper

Associate Professor Pepper says more frequent disasters, especially in tourist hubs with high rates of holiday houses and short-term rental homes, puts extra strain on an already stretched housing market. 

鈥淚t鈥檚 like walking into a real estate agency 鈥� you can see all these houses, but only three are available - then the price just becomes untenable. It creates a false demand for houses that do come up. If most of the houses are empty for most of the year, then there鈥檚 nothing really going on in the region and no one is there to be a consumer or worker. That has ongoing impacts for that region, so policy needs to be across that and manage it,鈥� he says. 

The mental toll 

 is a clinical psychologist and former director of the Northfields Clinic at UOW Early Start, now completing his PhD in psychology at UOW. 

He says trauma can occur from three components, which often happen during disasters: a threat to safety, lack of control and unpredictability.

鈥淲hen faced with this, your body is often in a state of fight or flight to manage it, and you鈥檝e got extra adrenaline and cortisol in your system, which is great for things like action. But it鈥檚 not so great in the longer term when you鈥檙e trying to get to sleep, or you know you should eat but don鈥檛 feel like eating,鈥� he says. 

Attitudes towards post-traumatic stress and mental illness have shifted, with people becoming more understanding towards returned servicepeople and victims of crime. However, with the frequency and coverage of disasters, Mark says many of us are losing sympathy, what he calls 鈥榗ompassion fatigue鈥�. 

鈥淚t becomes hard to keep reaching out in terms of connecting with people who are experiencing these difficulties. We鈥檙e now exposed to things that we haven鈥檛 had a chance to evolve to,鈥� he says. 

Mark Donovan

Mr Donovan says our brains have not evolved at the same rate as technology, so being constantly bombarded with news from around the world can trigger the amygdala, the part of your brain that senses danger, even when there is no direct threat to us. 

鈥淲e are exposed to all of this stuff all the time: what鈥檚 happening in Ukraine, the fires on the south coast and floods up north. It鈥檚 coming at us with this old brain, which deals with it the same way: cortisol, adrenaline, fight or flight. We鈥檙e living with this threat the whole time, it鈥檚 circling and even though we鈥檙e not [in immediate danger] we feel like we are, because the brain can鈥檛 distinguish between what鈥檚 real and what鈥檚 imagined.鈥�   

Mr Donovan says the recurrence of natural disasters can lead to accumulative trauma. For example a Brisbane teenager who lived through the 2011 floods as a child and the 2022 floods as a young adult, may be at greater risk of developing trauma, but the psychological effects depend on a range of variables. 

鈥淎 lot of it depends on how families and communities manage. If you think about the long picture 鈥� when you鈥檙e five, who keeps you safe? If your family somehow manage to create a sense of order and routine and safety again, you might be alright. There鈥檚 so many contextual variables that come into play, including people鈥檚 individual biology,鈥� he says. 

Where to now?

With many homes in south-east Queensland and northern NSW deemed , Dr Takacs says the longterm consequences of climate change will affect where people can live in Australia. 

鈥淭丑e number of houses that are going to need to be replaced up north, I think now is actually greater than the number of houses that were destroyed in bushfires in 2019-2020 summer. Australia's got a lot of thinking to do about climate change adaptation and where people are going to live,鈥� he says.

鈥淲ater supply is going to feature heavily and I think we're probably going to become more reliant on desalination, but you've got to have water to desalinate, so we may all start moving closer to the coast, but not less than five meters above sea level, for instance. We may also have to change our attitude to recycled water.鈥�

Associate Professor Pepper says it鈥檚 not only the location of houses, but the type of homes that are built that will need to keep up with a changing climate. 

鈥淚n supply chain terms, you almost have to rethink how we build houses: easy, quick assembly, modular housing or shipping container housing, for example. We saw with COVID, the cost of materials went up by about 20 to 25 per cent. What happens to these regions鈥� economies when suddenly their insurance costs go up or they become uninsurable? It becomes a much bigger problem faced by people who have already been devastated,鈥� he says. 

Mr Donovan says he would like to see policy change for more equity in mental health access, but applauds communities for their ongoing support following disasters.

鈥淥ne of the things that comes out of these [disasters] is communities pulling together. What policy do you create that does that? Is that more powerful than giving people ten more Medicare sessions? There are simple policy things that government can do, like making mental health care more accessible, that would hopefully put us in a better place."